Oceans and seas within region
- identified using the 'Limits of Oceans and Seas', International Hydrographic Organisation Special Publication No.23; spatial data available here
Ross Sea, Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Scotia Sea
Countries within region
- identified using identified using VLIZ (2009). Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase. Available here
Bouvet Island (Norway), Crozet Islands (France), French Southern Territories (France), Heard and McDonald Islands (Australia), Kerguelen Island (France), Prince Edward Islands (South Africa), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom)
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The Southern Ocean covers around 10% of the world’s ocean surface, and includes some of the most productive marine regions on Earth. It is bounded to the south by the Antarctic continent, and to the north by the Antarctic Polar Front, where the Antarctic Circumpolar Current forms an oceanographic boundary separating colder, more productive Antarctic waters from warmer waters to the north. Physical and ecological processes in the Southern Ocean are dominated by the advance and retreat of sea ice, which extends northwards as far as 55°S, covering 18-20 million km2 in winter.... 
